早期日耳曼人四支部落(盎格鲁族、撒克逊族、朱特族和弗里西族)移民到英格兰,英语就是从他们的语言中变化继承下来。据《盎格鲁撒克逊编年史》记载,公元449年左右,不列颠群岛国王伏提庚(Vortigern)邀请“盎格鲁亲戚们”来帮助他对抗皮克特人,于是他赐予盎格鲁族东南部的领土作为回报。随后他又进一步寻求支援,撒克逊族、盎格鲁族与朱特族人便纷纷前来。《编年史》记载,最终这些“移民”建立了七个王国:诺森伯利亚、麦西亚、东盎格利亚、肯特、埃塞克斯、苏塞克斯、威塞克斯。
日尔曼人入侵后,统治了当地的凯尔特语民族,本地语言主要于苏格兰、威尔士、康瓦耳与爱尔兰存活了下来。这些入侵者的语言逐渐形成了“古英语”,与近代弗里西语极为相像。English(英格兰人、英语)、England(英格兰)和East Anglia(东盎格利亚)这三个词是分别从描绘盎格鲁族的词汇发展而来:Englisc、Angelcynn、Englaland。
公元九世纪,斯堪的纳维亚人大规模侵入英国北部。九世纪末,入侵者几乎占领了整个英国的东半部。斯堪的纳维亚人说的是北日尔曼语。北日尔曼语和西日尔曼语的差别不是很悬殊。斯堪的纳维亚人入侵的结果使大量斯堪的纳维亚语(以古诺斯语Old Norse为代表)的词汇进入了古英语的词汇。古诺斯语和古英语有很多同义词汇,结果古诺斯语词在英语词汇里往往取古英语词而代之。
1066年诺曼征服后三百年内,英格兰的国王只讲法语。因此一大批法语词汇进入了古英语,古英语本身也失去了大部分曲折变化,形成中古英语。1500年左右的元音大推移将中古英语变形为近代英语。古英语最著名的文学作品是《贝奥武夫》,中古英语则是《坎特伯里故事集》。
近代英语在莎士比亚所处的时期开始繁荣,一些学者将之分为早期近代英语与后期近代英语,分界线为1800年左右。随着不列颠对全世界大部分地区的占领和殖民,当地语言也很大程度上影响了英语的发展。
第一篇:I'm Tong tong ,I'm 12 years old .There are three people in my family ----my father ,my mother and I .In summer,I like swimming.In fall,I like flying kites .In winter ,I like making a snowman .In spring ,I like planting trees.I like singing and dancing .Can you tell me ,what about you.第二篇:I am Li Kai.I was bron in 1995,that is to say ,I am eleven years old this year.I am a pupil from Class3 ,Grade 6 in the primary school.Myfavourite persons are teachers.Because they teach us knowledge.Teachers let us understand the world.第三篇:我的英语老师My English Teacher In my life,Ms.Wang is the most important person to me.Her teaching skills are diverse.In class,she usually uses games and posters.She works hard for us.When other teachers rest,she still keeps working and working.When we are mischievous,第四篇:Save Water 保护水资源 Water is very important for us.We must drink water everyday.We can't live without water.Water is everywhere around us.At home,we use water to wash clothes,to wash dishes,to cook rice,to clean the flat,to have showers,to make drinks,to cle 第五篇:I like Chinese New Year very much.I can meet many many friends in my family.I like them very much.We sit together to have dinner,I like the food,it's very nice.Do you know what is lucky money?It is the money children get from aunt and uncles,grandpa grandma.I've got a lot this year!I love Chinese New Year.I hope you will like it too.第六篇:I have a small bedroom.There are only a small bed,a small desk and a small chair in the room.And there is a beautiful doll on my blue bed.Everyday I do my homework,read books and play games with the doll in my bedroom.It is small,but it gives me much happiness.第七篇:My father is a tall and handsome man.He is a policeman.Everyday he comes back home very late,because he must help the others.He doesn't have time to examine my homework and take me to the park.But I like my father,because he is a good policeman.第八篇:There is a park near my home.There are a lot of beautiful trees,flowers and birds in the park.So many people go to the park to enjoy their weekends.They like walking or having a picnic in the park.But I like flying a kite with my sisiter there.第九篇:Japan was fun.It was very cool and windy.We flew kites in the park.I bought a watch there.I wanted to buy more,but I didn't have money.The gardens there were beautiful.I very liked the gardens .The japan department stores were too big.I couldn't find Mom.The food was delicious.We ate a lot of fish.I also liked the vegetables and cake there.I hope I can go to Japan one more time.第十篇:Last Sunday,I visited my grandmother.We listened to music and planted flowers.I counted the flowers.There were ten..Then I helped my grandmother cook lunch.When we finished,I washed the dishes and she cleaned the kitchen.In the evening,I watched TV and played the violin at home,It was fun.。
公历一年有12个月,但不少人并不知道12 个月的英语名称的来历。公历起源于古罗马历法。罗马的英语原来只有10 个月,古罗马皇帝决定增加两个月放在年尾,后来朱里斯·凯撒大帝把这两个月移到年初,成为1月、2月,原来的1月、2月便成了3月、4月,依次类推。这就是今天世界沿用的公历。
January——1月
在罗马传说中,有一位名叫雅努斯的守护神,生有先后两副脸,一副回顾过去,一副要眺望未来。人们认为选择他的名字作为除旧迎新的第一个月月名,很有意义。英语January,便是由这位守护神的拉丁文名字January演变而来的。
February——2月
每年2 月初,罗马人民都要杀牲饮酒,欢庆菲勃卢姆节。这一天,人们常用一种牛、草制成的名叫Februa的鞭子,抽打不育的妇女,以求怀孕生子。这一天,人们还要忏悔自己过去一年的罪过,洗刷自己的灵魂,求得神明的饶恕,使自己成为一个贞洁的人。英语2月February,便是由拉丁文Februar-ius(即菲勃卢姆节)演变而来。
March-----3月
3月,原是罗马旧历法的1 月,新年的开始。凯撒大帝改革历法后,原来的1月变成3月,但罗马人仍然把3 月看做是一年的开始。另外,按照传统习惯,3月是每年出征远战的季节。为了纪念战神玛尔斯,人们便把这位战神的拉丁名字作为3月的月名。英语3月March,便是由这位战神的名字演变而来的。
April——4月
罗马的4月,正是大地回春.鲜花初绽的美好季节。英文4月April便由拉丁文April(即开花的日子)演变而来。
May——5月
罗马神话中的女神玛雅,专门司管春天和生命。为了纪念这位女神,罗马人便用她的名字——拉丁文Maius命名5月,英文5月May便由这位女神的名字演变而来。
June——6月
罗马神话中的裘诺,是众神之王,又是司管生育和保护妇女的神。古罗马人对她十分崇敬,便把6月奉献给她,以她的名字——拉丁文Junius来命名6 月。英语6月June便由这位女神的名字演变而来。也有学者认为,Junius可能是个代拉丁家族中一个显赫贵族的姓氏。
July——7月
罗马统治者朱里斯·凯撒大帝被刺死后,著名的罗马将军马克·安东尼建议将凯撒大帝诞生的7月,用凯撒的名字——拉丁文Julius(即朱里斯)命名之。这一建议得到了元老院的通过。英语7月July由此演变而来。
August——8月
朱里斯·凯撒死后,由他的甥孙屋大维续任罗马皇帝。为了和凯撒齐名,他也想用自己的名字来命名一个月份。他的生日在9月,但他选定8月。因为他登基后,罗马元老院在8 月授予他Augustus(奥古斯都)的尊号。于是,他决定用这个尊号来命名8月。原来8月比7月少一天,为了和凯撒平起平坐,他又决定从2月中抽出一天加在8月上。从此,2月便少了一天。英语8月August便由这位皇帝的拉丁语尊号演变而来。
September——9月
老历法的7月,正是凯撒大帝改革历法后的9月,拉丁文Septem是“7”月的意思。虽然历法改革了,但人们仍袭用旧名称来称呼9月。英语9月September,便由此演变而来。
October——10月
英语10月,来自拉丁文Octo,即“8”的意思。它和上面讲的9月一样,历法改了,称呼仍然沿用未变。
November——11月
罗马皇帝奥古斯都和凯撒都有了自己名字命名的月份,罗马市民和元老院要求当时的罗马皇帝梯比里乌斯用其名命名11月。但梯比里乌斯没有同意,他明智地对大家说,如果罗马每个皇帝都用自己的名字来命名月份,那么出现了第13个皇帝怎么办?于是,11月仍然保留着旧称Novem,即拉丁文“9”的意思。英语11月November便由此演变而来。
December——12月
罗马皇帝琉西乌斯要把一年中最后一个月用他情妇的Amagonius的名字来命名,但遭但元老院的反对。于是,12月仍然沿用旧名Decem,即拉丁文“10”的意思。英语12月December,便由此演变而来。
Originated from the Han Dynasty daoist. Taoism as a classic of the " book of changes ", the odd number is regarded as positive, even as a negative number, the positive number of "Nine" and regarded as " very positive ", September 9th two " very positive" meet, so called " double ninth ". Yang said steel, " Chung Yeung is a two steel. " and G, was regarded as " the day", ascend and dogwood, the purpose is to " El ", to which the customs.。
Dear Xiao Li,
We're going to go for an outing on holiday by bike. We shall meet at the station at 7:00 in the morning the day after tomorrow. If you want to go with us, you should bring some food, water and money. We hope you will join us on time.
Xiao Chen
【规律分析】便条也是PETS第一级书面表达的考查重点。实际上是一种简单的书信,内容简短,格式简单,通常只有一两句话,开门见山。便条内容包括通知、询问、约会、留言等。便条一般是托人递交的或是本人临时在某一场合直接留言,所谈及的一般都是在一两天内的情况。便条通常没有写信人及收信人地址,一般也没有结束语等项,用词随便,比较接近于口语。
NOTICE
There will be a talk on the education of America from 2:00 to 4:00 p.m. this Saturday in Room 301. The talk will be given by Professor Smith. He comes from America. All people will be welcomed. Please be on time and bring your pens and notebooks. Thank you.
April 15,2002
【规律分析】通知是上级对下级,组织对成员部署工作、召开会议或传达事情等使用的一种应用文。这种通知通常张贴在布告栏内,一般包括四部分:
(1)标题;
(2)正文;
(3)单位名称(有时可以省略);
(4)日期。
通知的内容要简洁明了,不要写得冗长繁琐或含糊其辞。通知的语言一般不带感情色彩,要尽量少用形容词、副词、俚语和俗语等。
春节,是农历正月初一,又叫阴历年,俗称“过年”。这是我国民间最隆重、最热闹的一个传统节日。春节的历史很悠久,它起源于殷商时期年头岁尾的祭神祭祖活动。按照我国农历,正月初一古称元日、元辰、元正、元朔、元旦等,俗称年初一,到了民国时期,改用公历,公历的一月一日称为元旦,把农历的一月一日叫春节。
The Spring Festival, is the first lunar month, also called the lunar year, commonly known as "Spring Festival". This is our country folk ceremonious, the most lively a traditional festival. The history of the Spring Festival is very long, it originated in the shells period year the sacrifices of the tail and head of the ancestor worship of god. According to the lunar calendar in China, the first day called ganjitsu, yuan Chen, yuan is, new moon, such as New Year's day, commonly known as day, in the period of the republic of China, to switch to the Gregorian calendar, calendar January 1st as New Year's day, the lunar calendar January 1st is called the Spring Festival.
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